I feel like this experiment has been tried. By Oakland, a team whose s*** didn't work in the playoffs, per their own architect, and by teams like Tampa, Kansas City, Cleveland and Minnesota, with some occasional and anomalous success. Houston may have been the best at the Tampa model, except they cheated two different ways [the guy who got caught hacking and the sign-stealing) and also still spent at a very high level on veteran pitching, and now have to spend in general.
I think Tampa really has done it this way, because they did have the players. The current Philllies couldn't do it because they only have prospects or slightly above-average young players approaching FA fast, not any stars.
A system that actually let teams pay players for their peak value/age/performance would work better of course.
It really is a lot like Hollywood in a way. An actor has a few hit movies or one hit TV show and gets to a certain salary level, and then there's really nothing to do but bomb or disappoint. A few still excel, or grind along, but it can never be as good as when they were at their youngest and hottest and still semi-affordable.